Ivyo bikoresho bikoreshwa n’ibikoresho vyo kwumisha ntaharurwa. Uretse itandukaniro riri hagati y’imiterere y’ibikoresho bitandukanye n’ibisabwa n’ibintu, imiterere y’ibikoresho vy’ubushuhe mu gihe c’ugutuma ibikoresho vyuma be n’ibisabwa ku bikoresho vyo kwumisha mu gihe c’ubushuhe na vyo nyene ni vyo bihambaye ku bahinga. Iki kiganiro kiratanga uburyo bumwe bumwe bwo guhitamwo ibikoresho mu bikoresho vyo kwumisha abahinguzi b’ibintu.
Ibiranga Ibikoresho vy'Icumba
Kugeza ubu, hari ubwoko amajana n’amajana bw’ibikoresho vyo kwumisha bwarateguwe neza, bikaba vyakoreshejwe cane mu guhingura inganda. Hari kandi uburyo butandukanye bwo gushiramwo ibikoresho vyo kwumisha. Hashingiwe ku buryo bwo gutanga ubushuhe mu nzira yo kwuma, zishobora guca ibice mu bikoresho vyo kwumisha (nk’ibikoresho vyo kwumisha umuyaga, ibikoresho vyo kwumisha, ibikoresho vyo kwumisha vy’amazi, n’ibindi), ibikoresho vyo kwumisha ivyuma (nk’ibikoresho vyo kwumisha imyanda, ivyuma vyumye), n’ibikoresho vyo kwumisha imishwarara (nk’ibikoresho vyumye micro-onde, kure{-infrared). Ikindi, hariho ibikoresho vyo kwumisha bihuza uburyo bwinshi bwo gutanga ubushuhe, nk’ibikoresho vyo kwumisha ibipfukisho.
Ivyinshi mu bikoresho vyo kwumisha ni ibikoresho bitagira ishingiro, ahanini kubera ko hariho ibikoresho bitandukanye, kandi ibintu vyinshi vyo kwumisha birahinduka bivanye n’ibikoresho, bikaba bituma habaho amahinduka mu mibumbe y’ivyo kwumisha n’ibikoresho. Ku bw’ivyo, ni ngombwa gusobanura neza ibipimo vy’ibintu vyumye, nk’imiterere y’ibintu, ubwoko bw’ibirimwo ubukonje, ibikoresho, ibiranga ibikoresho mu gihe c’ugutuma, ukubaho kw’ugukonja, ubushobozi bwo gukonja n’uguturika, amashanyarazi adahinduka, ibisabwa n’ibintu vy’agaciro, n’ubushuhe bw’ikintu, kugira ngo hamenyekane ibipimo bitandukanye vy’ivyo vyuma. Kubera iyo mvo, ibintu vyinshi vyumye ntibishobora kuba vyinshi-; rero, uburyo bwo guhingura butegerezwa kwitwararika ukuntu ibintu vyihariye be n’ukuntu bishobora kumenyera uko ibintu vyifashe.
Uburyo bwo guhitamwo ibikoresho bukoreshwa mu bikoresho vyo kwumisha ni vyiza- birazwi. Ivyo bikoresho vyo kwumisha ni ikintu gihambaye cane mu giciro c’ivyo kwumisha, kandi guhitamwo ibikoresho bibereye ni uburyo buhambaye bwo kugenzura ibiciro vy’ibikoresho. Muri rusangi, ibi bikurikira bikwiye kwihwezwa igihe umuntu ahitamwo ibikoresho vyo kwumisha: Guhura n’ivyo ibikoresho bikeneye. Igikorwa nyamukuru co kwumisha ibikoresho ni ugukama ibikoresho bimwebimwe. Kubera ko ibikoresho vyumye bikora ibikoresho vyinshi bitandukanye, bikaba bipfutse imirima myinshi nk’intete, ivyo kurya, imiti, imiti, ibintu vy’amashamba, impapuro n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, umubare w’ibintu ni uwutagira uko angana. Ibisabwa ku bikoresho vyumye biratandukanye cane. Nk’akarorero, ibikoresho vy’imiti, imiti, ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none be n’ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba ntibitegerezwa kuvangwa n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma mu gihe c’ugutuma umuntu yuma; rero, ibikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba bikwiye kwirindwa mu guhitamwo ibikoresho. Ikindi kandi, iyo ubukonje buri muri ivyo bintu burimwo aside, alkalis, umunyu canke ibintu biva mu bimera, birashobora gutuma ibikoresho bitandukanye vy’ivyuma bishaza. Ukwo gusenyuka gukomeye kurarushirizaho gukomera, canecane igihe umuntu ashusha. Ku bw’ivyo, ibikoresho bikwiye bikwiye gutorwa bishingiye ku biranga ubukonje buri mu kintu.
Ku bijanye n’uguhitamwo ibikoresho bishingiye ku bwoko bw’ivyuma vy’ugukama, nk’uko twabibonye, hariho ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibikoresho vy’uguwuma, kimwe cose kikaba gifise ingingo ngenderwako itandukanye. Ivyo rero bikwiye kwihwezwa neza igihe uhitamwo ibikoresho. Nk’akarorero, igihe wumutse magnesium oxide mu gikoresho co kwumisha umuyaga, umuvuduko munini w’ikintu kiri mu muyoboro w’umuyaga be n’uburemere bw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Ku bw’ivyo, ugumbara - Igishushanyo canke kwambara - ibikoresho bihoraho bikwiye gutegurwa ku bw’aka karere. Ikindi kandi, ivyuma bitagira ibara biragabanya cane ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe kuruta ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba. Ku bw’ivyo, mu bikoresho vyo kwumisha aho gutwara ubushuhe ari bwo buryo nyamukuru bwo gutanga ubushuhe, nimba icuma kitagira ibara ari co kintu nyamukuru, ahantu h’uguhindura ubushuhe gikwiye kubarwa bishingiye ku bushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe bw’ivyuma bitagira ibara. Ingero z’ubuhinga zigaragaza ko igihe umuntu ahitamwo ibikoresho vyo guhindura ubushuhe bw’umwotsi, ivyuma bitagira ibara bisaba 30% vy’uburebure bw’ivyuma kuruta ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba.
Guhitamwo ibikoresho vyo kwuma biratandukanye bivanye n’ibintu n’ingene vyuma. Narigeze guhingura ikintu gikomeye - igikoresho co kwumisha umunyu kitagira ubuzima kandi kigatangura igikorwa co guhindura ibintu vyinshi. Ubushuhe bw’umuyaga bwo kwumisha bwari hejuru ya 800 degre 800 , bikaba vyari ngombwa ko hakoreshwa icuma gizimvye - Igikoresho co guhangana naco. Ariko rero, turavye ko ivyumba vyose vyo kwumisha biri mu karere k’ubushuhe burengeye - imibare, imibare yerekanye ko ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyakoreshejwe gusa mu karere k’ubushuhe bw’imbere. Haciye umwaka urenga ubu uriko urakora.
Guhitamwo ibikoresho bishingiye ku bidukikije vyo gushiramwo ibikoresho: Mu bihe vyinshi, naho ivyo bintu biri hejuru vyoba bishitse, ibisabwa vyo gushiramwo ibikoresho ku bikoresho bitegerezwa kwihwezwa. Iyo ibikoresho bishizwe mu ruganda rw’imiti, ukuntu ibidukikije bishobora gusenyuka ku bikoresho, uburyo bwo kugenzura, n’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi bitegerezwa kwihwezwa neza kugira ngo haboneke umuti w’imiterere y’ibintu.
Uburyo bwo gukingira ibikoresho vyo kwumisha: Ibikoresho vyinshi vyo kwumisha birimwo ibihimba vy’ivyuma, amasahani be n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Ubuvuzi bwo kurinda umugera ni ngombwa ku bazimya uburyo butandukanye. Aha hepfo hariho ibintu bimwe bimwe mu bijanye no gukingira no guhingura ibintu.
Ifoto - inzira y’ugucapura: Mu guhingura ibikoresho vy’ugukama binyiganyiga, 70% vy’ibice bikozwe mu cuma ca carbone. Igihe kirekire co guhindura hagati y’ibikorwa bituma haba uruzitiro rwinshi rukora ku ruhande, bikaba bisaba ko umuntu akora neza cane kugira ngo akureho umugese. Ifoto - spatation, biciye mu nzira y’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi, ivura icuma{5}} ibikoresho vy’icuma mu ntambwe imwe, bihishura ibara ry’icuma ry’intango mu gihe nyene bikora filime irwanya -rusi. Iyi filime irashobora kwihanganira gushikirwa n’umuyaga utose mu misi irenga cumi ata n’umwe ayizi. Ikoreshwa ryayo ni ryoroshe, rituma umuntu akora neza, rigabanya uburemere bw’abakozi, kandi rizigama inguvu z’abantu n’ubutunzi. Igisubizo c’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama (phosphating likes - Igisubizo c’ugucapura kirimwo ibikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, ivy’ivyuma, ivy’ugusesa amaraso, n’ivy’aside zitandukanye. Ubwo buryo ntibukoreshwa gusa ku bwoko bw’imashini twavuze haruguru, ariko kandi burashobora gukoreshwa mu kurinda ugusenyuka kw’ibindi bikoresho canke ibishushanyo bisa n’ivyo.
Gukoresha ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba mu guhingura ibikoresho vyo kwumisha: Irangi ry’imigenzo ni amazi arimwo inzovu nyinshi, ketoni be n’amazi y’amazi, bikaba bituma haba ingorane nyinshi mu guhingura, mu kubika, no kwubaka. Biratera akaruru, biraturika, kandi ntibitekanye cane. Kubera ubumara bwabo, barahinduka mu kirere, bagahumanya cane ibidukikije. Ku bw’ivyo, abahinguzi b’impuzu zo mu gihugu no kw’isi yose baragenewe gutegura ubwoko bushasha bw’impuzu zikoresha umuti muto canke ata muti. Ubwoko bumwe bushasha nk’ubwo bwo gupfuka ni ugupfuka ifu.
Igipfukisho co hejuru c’igikoresho co kwumisha igitanda kinyiganyiga gikozwe ahanini n’icuma c’imbeho c’imbeho, kigatuma haba igiciro kinini. Impamvu yo gukoresha ivyuma bitagira ibara aho gukoresha ivyuma bisanzwe vy’umuyagankuba ni uko ivyo bikoresho bizokorana n’ibikoresho bitandukanye bishobora gusenyuka mu gihe c’ugukora, kandi ivyuma bitagira ibara bifise ubushobozi bwo gukora neza cane; rero, hakoreshwa icuma kitagira ibara.
Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Kubera ko ubwo bwoko bw’impuzu y’impuzu igoye, irakomeye, kandi ifise ubushobozi bwiza bwo gushaza, hamwe n’ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo guhangana n’ikirere n’ubushuhe bwiza cane, hamwe n’ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo gusenyuka, ubushobozi bwo gutera, n’ugukora ibara, gutera ifu y’umuyagankuba ni vyiza cane ku bijanye n’ugukingira ivyuma vyumye.
Ikiganiro ku Gusudira kw’Izinga ry’Ivyiyumviro - Chromium Imirongo y’Imirongo y’Imirongo myinshi y’ibikoresho vyumye ni imiterere y’ivyuma vy’amabara, amakete menshi ari 1Cr18Ni9 Ingorane z’ugusesa n’ugucagura kenshi zishika mu gihe c’ugusudira. Ivyo biragira ico bikoze cane ku buzima bw’ibintu n’ibikorwa. Itandukaniro hagati y’ivyuma bitagira ibara n’ivyuma bisanzwe vy’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba biri mu buryo bubi bwavyo bwo gutwara ubushuhe, igipimo kinini c’ukwaguka kw’ubushuhe mu gihe c’ubushuhe, n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuyagankuba bwinshi. Kubera ivyo bimenyetso, birakenewe ko habaho uburyo budasanzwe bwo gusudira kugira ngo umuntu abone ivyuma. Ugusenyuka kw’intangamarara ni kimwe mu bibazo nyamukuru vy’ivyuma vy’agaciro kanini. Naho iki cuma ubwaco gifise ubushobozi bwo gutera, uburyo bwo gusudira buragabanya iyo nzira y’ubudahangarwa. Uburyo bwo gusesagura mu gihe co gusudira ivyuma vy’ivyuma birimwo: muri rusangi, mu karere, n’ugusenyuka kw’ibihimba vy’umubiri. Uruganda rwo mu gihugu rwavuye mu mahanga. Uburyo bwo gusudira butabereye bwononekaye mu mibumbe mito mito y’icuma kitagira ibara c’iyunguruzo ry’umufuko, ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho ugusenya kw’intangamarara. Mu gihe c’ukwuma, ivyo bintu vyari birimwo ibihimba vy’aside, ivyo bikaba vyatumye igipande c’icuma gimenagurika ningoga.
Insozero Uko ubuhinga bwo kwumisha bwateye imbere gushika ubu, nk’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga, ukuroranirwa kwayo ntikuvana gusa n’urugero rw’inyigisho y’ukwumisha, ariko kandi n’uburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho, guhitamwo ibikoresho, n’uburyo bwo gukora. Turavye ibintu bitandukanye, gutegura umugambi w’ubuhinga bubereye birafise akamaro kanini mu vy’ubutunzi.